MARGIN TRADING-FOREX

Margin Trading
Margin" literally means a difference, or reserve. In this sense, margin trading is to trade securities backed by a deposit of money (the deposit serves as collateral to your account). The margin is measured in percentages from the total value of the position, for example a 1% margin of a 1000-lot position is equal to 10 lots
How to trade on margin
You could trade on margin stocks, currencies or indices. The key feature of margin trading is that if you would like to buy 1000 IBM shares with a total value of $94 450, for example, you do not need to possess the full amount in your account in order to do this.
stock trading
If for example, the required margin is 30%, you need to have $30 in your account in order to buy stock valued at $100. When a deal is closed, the client’s account undergoes certain changes:
Let’s say that you have $1000 and would like to buy 10 IBM shares. Share price is $94.45 and therefore the total transaction value is $944.50. If the required margin is 30%, then the amount you should have in your account is $283.35. This means that this amount remains blocked in your account and the remaining $716.65 remains at your disposal for trading other stocks, currencies or indices.
In case that share price increases by $1.50 to $95.95, you will realize a gain of $15. These $15 are added to the $731.65 and the blocked $283.25 gives you a new account total of $1015.
currency trading
Let the margin be 1% and funds available in your account are 1000 BGN. You could trade currency in lots, where 1 lot equals 2000 USD (or 2000 of any other currency). You would like to buy 15 lots or $30 000 at a market exchange rate of USD/BGN 1.2550. In order to conclude the deal, you need to have a margin of 376.50 BGN in your account (calculated through the current USD/BGN exchange rate). The remaining 623.50 BGN are free funds you could use to trade other currencies, shares of indices.
In case that the market exchange rate increases to USD/BGN 1.2590, you realize a profit of 120 BGN which is added to your account. Free funds in your account are now 743.5 BGN and the margin is 376.50 BGN which adds up to a total account balance of 1120 BGN.
trading with stock indices
Let the required margin be 15% and you have $2000 in your account. You would like to buy 1 Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) contract, which at present costs $11 000. In order to conclude the deal you need a margin of $1650 in your account. The remaining $350 is available funds you could use to trade with other indices, currencies or stocks. In case the market price of the contract increases to $11 100, then $100 are added to your account. Funds available for trading increase to $450 and the margin is $1650 so that your total account balance stands at $2100

The Forex Trading Course for Currency Trading Strategies

The Forex Trading Course offers a currency trading video that shows you how FAST you can make money trading forex when the 'big dogs' make their move - by shamelessly copying this winning trading group! Peter Bain is renowned for currency trading and will help you succeed in this overwhelming industry. Learning Forex currency trading is easy when you use the best mentors and systems available
Typical currency traders catch only 3 to 4 really great trades a week, if that! Not so with the Forex – especially with Peter Bain's currency trading system. Here, the timeframe is more like a day. And, a Forex currency trader doesn’t have to worry about 7,800 stocks, or 72 commodities, and all the underlying currency trading rules that accompany those tradables
With the Forex, a currency trader only has to think about the 4 major currency pairs – and pure technical analysis. The average daily range of 104 pips ( US$1,040 per lot) for all four pairs far surpasses that of any other currency trading market. It also has a much longer “length of line” (intraday swings), which offers more “swing-trading” opportunities. There is a lot of action for both the currency trading novice and professional alike. Salad days are here at the Forex!
What you will learn from this video Forex course
Why the Forex is the perfect currency tradingHow to implement the Pivot system used by floor traders market
How to implement the Pivot system used by floor traders
How to gauge price action with powerful filters
Learn how the Euro puts $700 on the table daily
How to swing trade the Forex's trendy run ups and downs
How to use MACD to confirm price action
How to use dealer station software
How to use the pivot system to trade the Forex with up to 70% accuracy
How to recognize "iron-clad" Forex signals and profit big time!
How to avoid the pitfalls of "dumb money"
How to implement your stop loss strategies and protect your money while currency trading
How to use winning chart patterns in conjunction with the pivot points
Supports and Resistances: how to trade them in the Forex
How to follow daily steps for success
How to recognize false buy/sell signals
Review an entire month of trading examples

JOBS IN USA FOR PHARMACY STUDENTS

Staff Pharmacist
No International Candidates Accepted For This Position ** Provide your clientele with the best total wellness experience possible in an environment that welcomes an entrepreneurial inclination. Work alongside a Managing Partner / Pharmacy Store Operator and learn the ‘business’ then – when you are ready
QA Compliance Consultant
We are currently looking for individuals for a cGMP client for a short term Quality Assurance/Quality Control consulting assignment in the Montreal, Canada area
Pharmacist
5 Pharmacist needed ASAP. The store is open 8 am to midnight everyday. The midnight and weekends are shared equally amongst the 5 pharmacists. The hours would be 40 per week or if preferred could be 32. There is an 8 hour overlap of pharmacists every day
Sales & Marketing
The Global work and travel co. Is currently seeking highly motivated commissioned sales representatives to sell amazing working holiday packages!! If...
Occupational Therapist
Desired Candidate Profile Must hold Post Baccalureate Degree in Occupational Therapy and relevant experience of minimum 1 year in a big hospital....
Physical Therapist
Desired Candidate Profile Must hold Masters degree in Phsical Therapy and relevant experience of minimum 1 year in a big hospital. Must...
Nursing USA
Nursing Opportunities to USA Are you a Nurse? Working in a hospital as a bedside Nurse. Dreaming about USA Immigration? Then we
Registered Nurses for USA
Candidate will work as a Registered Nurse in United States of America in any of the facility of HCA (Hospital Corporation
Business Object Solutions Architect
Must be a graduate of any four year IT related course - Experience/expertise in Business Objects and SAP - Can build
Teamcenter consultant
You will be responsible for implementing customer requirements in Teamcenter Enginerring / Unified The tasks might include Develop / Analyse customer use ca
Project/Office Manager
Advantage SCI, a rapidly growing professional & privately-held services firm, is seeking a motivated and skilled project/office manager to manage corporate,...
Outside Sales Representative II -CommData Market
As one of the largest employee-owned companies in North America Graybar, a premier distributor of Electrical and CommData products, offers exciting
Customer Assistant
Take advantage of our paid training and wide range of career possibilities. AT&T offers a competitive salary and benefits that include...
Inside Sales Representative II - Electrical Market
Take your talent to the next level with a company that knows how to succeed. If your`e not afraid to roll...
Pediatrician
Private practice group seeking fourth pediatrician. Call is 1 in 4. Primarily outpatient work with about 15% inpatient work. Join a
Compliance Coordinator
This position will provide compliance assurance through the review of records to include batch documentation, training records, calibration records, standard op...
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The ideal candidate will manage, configure and support software and patch distribution projects. •The IT Specialist will manage, configure, tune, report...-27
Quality Control Engineer
In this role you will perform technical and compliance reviews of production records to assist in the timely release of raw...

Career in pharmacy

“There is a myth that all those who nurse ambitions of becoming doctors but fail, end up in Pharmacy. Nothing can be further from truth. In fact, if there were not pharmacists there would not be drugs that doctors could prescribed. Pharmacy has everything to do with drugs : right form their origin, preparation, effects and side effects, dispensing and laws concerning medicines
STUDY
The Pharmacy Council of India is a statutory body constituted under the Pharmacy Act of 1948. According to the Union ministry for health and family welfare, the council is responsible for prescription, regulation and maintenance of minimum educational standards for the
training of pharmacists uniformly in the country. It prescribes the syllabus and norms, for the institutions, and the regulations for diploma course in pharmacy and undertakes the registration of pharmacists. Some of the Indian universities like the University of Pune, Nagpur, Vadodara, Chandigarh etc., have given a special status to the pharmacy education by setting up a separate
faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences. In India Pharmacy Education is a two-tier system. After 12th Science of State Board or CBSE Board one can opt for any of the two courses, namely Diploma (D.Pharm.) and Degree (B.Pharm). Selection to B. Pharma is by merit in competitive exams which is conducted along with medical
CAREER OPPORTUNITIES
A career in pharmacy, unfolds a vista full of opportunities leading to a golden future for a young career aspirant. The job opportunities, working conditions, job satisfaction and monetary benefits are excellent. Research and development have dramatically changed the role of pharmacy in patient treatment over the past fifty years. Today, the profession embraces the concept of pharmaceutical care: pharmacists are directly responsible for achieving definite outcomes which improve a patient’s quality of life. Pharmacists, in collaboration with
physicians and other health professionals, develop, implement, and monitor a therapeutic plan to ensure specific outcomes. Closely involved in the selection of pharmaceutical products, they assess therapeutic plans and counsel patients on appropriate uses of medication

PHARMACY MANFACTURERS IN ANDHRAPRADESH

Aditus Laboratories Ltd. 12-13-483/3012, Ground Floor, Nagarujuna Nagar, Tarnaka,Secunderabad-500 017 (A.P.) Phone: 040-27151238 Fax: 27151258 E-mail: aditus232@yahoo.com

Akin Laboratories (P) Ltd. S-11, Phase-II, T.I.E. Bala Nagar, Hyderabad - 500 037Phone: 040-23079304, 23720999, Fax: 040-23720989E-mail : hydl akinlabs@sancharnet.in

Alka Pharmaceuticals,4-114/31/1, Ravinder Nagar, Lane No. 5, Near Public School,Ramanthapur, Hyderabad-500 013 (A.P.)Phone: 040-27038285 Fax: 040-27201350, E-mail: sain@pol.net.in

Alphine PharmaceuticalsPlot No. 66-B-1, I.D.A. Jeedimetla, Hyderabad- 500 855. Phone: 040-23095339.

AMTEC HEALTHCARE PVT LTD. 1st floor, Damayanthi Chambers, Opp: New MLA Quarters,Hillport Road, Adarshanagar, Hyderabad- 500063, A. P.Phone: 040-30288844 to 48, E-mail: info@amtechealthcare.comWebsite: http://www.amtechealthcare.com/

ANNAPURNA BIO-VED PVT. LTD. 16-10-227, Annapurna Nilayam, Old Malakpet, Hyderabad-500036 (A.P.).Phone: 040-24243338, 24549755, Fax:040-24243338E-mail: abvinfo@annapurnabioved.com, Website: http://www.annapurnabioved.com/

Apar Laboratories Pvt. Ltd. 7-1-77, Flat No. A-6, Jyothi Apartments, Dhvam Kavam Road, Ameerpet, Hyderabad-500 016Phone: 040-55757601 (F) 55767602 Fax: 23745155E-mail: aparlabs@gmail.com Website: http://www.aparlabs.com/

Apollo Health Street Ltd. 1st Floor, Academic Bldg., Apollo Hospital Complex, Jubilee Hills, Hyderabad-500 033. Phone: 040-23607777, Fax: 040-23554353

Arch Pharmalabs Ltd. Sainath, 389, Road No. 14, Banzara Hills, Hyderabad-34 (A.P.)Phone: 040-23551840 (O), 08455-233993 (F), Fax: 040-23551840

Astha Laboratories Pvt. Ltd. B-1, Industrial Estat, Sanathnagar, Hyderabad-500018.Phone: 91-40-23714155, 231714111 Fax: 91-40-23703421E-mail: asthalab@satyam.net.in

AUCTUS PHARMA PVT. LTD. # 102, 1st Floor, Aditya Trade Centre, Ameerpet, Hyderabad-500038, Phone: 040-55361958 / 59, TeleFax: 040-23757626, E-mail: auctus@sify.comneomed@rediffmail.com, Website: http://www.auctuspharma.com/

AUROBINDO PHARMA LTD. Plot No. 02, Maitri Vihar, Ameerpet, Hyderabad-500 038Phone: 040-66725000, Fax: 040-23741080 / 23746883E-mail: info@aurobindo.com, Website: http://www.aurobindo.com/

Avanti Laboratories Ltd. 1-11-94/3/3, Flat No. 4, Field View, Bombay Halwa Compound Shamlal Lane, Begumpet, Hyderabad-500 016 (A.P.)Phone: 040-27761588 Fax: 040-27765114E-mail: avantilabs2003@yahoo.com / avantilabs@rediffmail.com

Bactolac Formulations Pvt.Ltd. 2-73/2, Chaitanya Puri, Hyderabad- 500 060. Phone: 040-24047661, 24048621, Fax: 040-24040093E-mail: hyd2_bactolac@sancharnet.in

Bharat Bioteck International Ltd. Genome Valley Shameerpet Mahandal, Hyderabad - 500078,Phone: 040 - 23480567, Fax: 040-23480560E-mail: info@bharatbiotech.com, Web - http://www.bharatbiotech.com/

BIOCHEMICAL & SYNTHETIC PRODUCTS LIMITEDSanathnagar, Hyderabad - 500 018, (A.P.)Phone: 040-23772631 / 23772633 / 23771699, Fax: 23772632E-mail - hyd2_biosynth@sancharnet.in / info@bio-synth.comWebsite: http://www.bio-synth.com/

Biological E. Ltd. 18/1 & 3, Azamabad, Hyderabad-500 020. Phones : 040-27603742, 30214113, Fax: 27630307, 27675003E-mail: intl@biologicale.co.in, anupsinha@biological.co.in,Website: http://www.biologicale.com/

Biomax Lifesciences Ltd. S-5-35/206, Prasanth Nagar, 1E, Kukatpally, Hyderabad-500072Phone: 040-23073180, 23074341, 23720555 Fax: 23074099E-mail: info@biomaxls.com Website: http://www.biomaxls.com/

B. L. Pharma Ltd. Plot No. 29 & 30, Co-Operative Bank Colony,Road No. 16, Sainagar, Nagole, Hyderabad-500 068Phone: 040-24221934 Fax: 040-24221440

Borra Foods and Pharmaceuticals Plot No. 18 & 19, Ravindra Nagar, Nacharm,Hyderabad-500 076. Phones : 040-27152157, 27157749, 27150915, E-mail : borrafoods@satyam.net.in

BRILLIANT INDUSTRIES LIMITED6 - 2 - 1012, TGV Manison, 3rd Floor, Khairatabad,Hyderabad - 500 004 (A.P.), Phone: 040-66667464, Fax : 040-66104915, 23313875, E-mail: info@brilliantindustries.org,Website: http://www.brilliantindustries.org/

Brilliant Industries LimitedPlot No. 97, 98, 276 & 277, I.D.A. Pashamailaram, Patancheru, Madak (Dist)-502 307 A.P.Phone: 08455-226038, 225036 Fax: 08455-225037E-mail: info@brilliantindustries.org

Buji Pharma Pvt. Ltd. 1-4-880-1-B, Gandhi Nagar, Hyderabad-500 038. Phones : 040-22612038, 22612598

Channel Pharma3-5-676, Hanuman temple Lane, Vittalwadi, Narayanaguda, Hyderabad-500 029, TeleFax: 040-66838066E-mail: channelpharma@rediffmail.com

Chemiloids 40-15-14, Brindavan Colony, Labbipet, Vijayawada-520 010. Phone: 0866-2473468, 2476561, 5568001, Fax: 0866-2475278.

Cheminor Drugs Ltd. 7-1-27, Ameerpet, Hyderabad-500 016.

Cheminnova Remedies Pvt. Ltd. Dedicated Batalactum Formulation Facility8-20, Sy. No. : 296/7/11, Bollaram, Medak - Dist - 502320Phone: 040-23079081, 23079834 Fax: 040-23076676, 23078369 E-mail : itsvasu@hotmail.com, Website : http://www.cheminnova.com/

Chemtronik Enterprises 16-11-20/4/1/2, Saleem Nagar Colony, New Malakpet, Hyderabad-500 036.

COREY ORGANICS LIMITED100/2RT, Sanjeevareddy Nagar, Hyderabad- 500038. A.P. Mobile: 9848831345 TeleFax: 040-23715528, 2370 1738 E-mail: rajkumarreddy1@eth.net, info@chavadipharma.comWebsite: http://www.chavadipharma.com/

COREY ORGANICS LIMITEDShed No. 7, I. D. A., Kothur, Mahaboobnagar Dist -509228, A.P.Phone: 31006357

Coronet Labs Pvt. Ltd. 7-1-77, A-6, Jyoti Apartments, D. K. Road, Ameerpet, Hyderabad-16, Phone: 040-55757601 Fax: 040-23745155E-mail: coronetlabs@gmail.com

Cortex Laboratories Pvt. Ltd. 3-11-1 / 1, L. B. Nagar, Hyderabad-500 074Phone: 040-24036379 Fax: 040-24037783

COVALENT LABORATORIES PVT. LTD. # 8-3-677/18, 2nd Floor, S.K.D Nagar, Yellareddy Guda, Hyderabad-500073, Andhra Pradesh.Phone: 040-23738492 / 93 / 94 Fax: 040-23738496.E-mail: enquiry@covalentlab.com / covalentlabs@rediffmail.comWebsite: http://www.covalentlab.com/

Covalent Laboratories Pvt. Ltd. Survey No. 374, Gundla Machanoor Village, Hathnoor Mandal, Medak Dist., A.P. Phone: 08455-233853, 233935

CRESCENT THERAPEUTICS LTD. H.No. 4-7-11/4/B, Crescent Towers, Raghavendra Nagar, Nacharam, Hyderabad-500076, Phone: 040-27178843, 27170830, 27171067, Fax: 27176442, E-mail: crescent_ltd.@sify.com,crecent@satyam.net.in

Davidson Pharmaceuticals,Plot No. 110/B, Road No. 5,Krishna Nagar, HB Colony,Moulali, Hyderabad-500 040 (A.P.) Phone: 09246108385

Deepti Formulations (P) Ltd. 7-102/25, Sai Enclave Colony, Habsiguda, Hyderabad - 500 007.Phone: 044-27173782, 27176440, (M) 9849977946

Destin Laboratries Pvt. Ltd. 6 - 3 - 597/11, Sai Nath Apartments, Venkatramana colony, Khairatabad, Hyderabad- 500004, Phone: 0184-2201443, Mobile: 09416001443, E-mail: destinlabs@yahoo.com

DISTO PHARMACEUTICALS PVT. LTD. G 4, Subramanyam Estate, Jaffar Ali Bagh, Somajiguda, Hyderabad - 500 082, Phone: 040-55683752, Fax: 23307321E-mail: distopharma@satyam.net.in

DISTO PHARMACEUTICALS PVT. LTD. 12-5-29/2, Opp. Andhra Bank, Tarnaka, Hyderabad - 500 017Phone: 040-2700 0474 / 27001321, Fax: 040-2700 0473Website: http://www.distopharma.com/

Divis Laboratories Ltd. 7-1-77 / E-303, Divi Towers, Dharam Karam Road, Ameerpet, Hyderabad-500 016, Phone: 040-23731318 / 23731760 Fax: 040-23733242, E-mail: divis@hd1,vsnl.net.in, Website: http://www.divislaboratories.com/

DIVIS PHARMACEUTICALS PVT. LTD. Divi Towers, 7-1-77/E/1/303, Dharam Karan Road, Ameerpet,Hyderabad - 500016, Phone: 040-23734841, 2374 3924Fax: 040-23746424, E-mail: hyd2_diviss@sancharnet.ininfo@divispharma.com, Website: http://www.divispharma.com/

DIVIS PHARMACEUTICALS PVT. LTD. Survey No:10, Kazipally Industrial Area, Gaddapotaram Village, Jinnaram Mandal, Medak District, Andhra Pradesh, IndiaTeleFax: 91-(8458)-277227

Bhavishya Pharmaceuticals Pvt. Ltd. 8 - 3 - 677 / 52 / 2, S.K.D. Nagar, Yellareddy Duda, Hyderabad-500073 Phone: 040-23741780

Bhavishya Pharmaceuticals (P) Ltd. Plot No. 120B, S. V. Co-Op. Industrial Estate, I.D.A. Bollaram, Medak District-502 325 (A.P.), Phone: 08458-279921, Fax: 08458-279016, E-mail: bppl89@rediffmail.com / bhavishya@sancharnet.in

Doctor’s Vet-Pharma Pvt. Ltd. Survey No. 263/1, 264/1,P.R. Palem Village, Kavur Mandal, Nellore Dist. A. P.-524137Phone: 0861-5519428, 08622-270653 Fax: 08622-27065 E-mail: doctorsvetpharma@yahoo.com

Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories Ltd. 3rd Floor, My Home Jupally Complex,No. 6 - 3 - 8650, Opp. Hotel Greek Park, Ameerpet, Hyderabad-500 016Phones : 040-26511570- 26511575, Fax: 040-23322683, Website : http://www.drreddys.com/

Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories Ltd. Survey Nos. 42, 45 & 46, Bachupalli,QutubullapurR R Dist 500 072, A.P., Phone: 91-40-2304 5578 to 80 Fax: 91-40-2304 5576, Website: http://www.drreddys.com/

Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories Ltd. 7-127, Ameerpet, Hyderabad-500 016Phone: 040-23731946 Fax: 23731955Website: http://www.drreddys.com/

Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories Ltd. Plot No. 110 & 111, S.V. Co-Op. Ind. Estate, BollaramJinnaram, Medak Dist-502 325 A.P.Phone: 08458-279173, 280058 Fax: 08458-279964E-mail: kharkarmr@drreddys.com Website: http://www.drreddys.com/

Ekophin Laboratories Ltd. 1-7-5, J. P. Castle, Flat No. 301, 302, Chaitanyapuri, Hyderabad-500 060, Phone: 24048232, 27620036 Mobile-9848122856 / 9346315972E-mail: shravanthi1683@rediffmail.com

Elegant Chemical Enterprises Pvt. Ltd. 7-102/26, Sai Enclave Colony, Habshiguda, Hyderabad - 500007Mobile : 98480 25790, E-mail : hyd2eleghyd@sancharnet.in

Elegant Drugs Pvt. Ltd. R.S. No. 59/3A, Hubli-Karwar Highway, Chalmatti-581 204 A.P.TeleFax: 08370283651 E-mail: arunpharm@yahoo.com

Emco Industries3-5-78 / 3, Padmashali Bavan, Rajmohalla, Hyderabad-500 029Phone: 040-24752709/1365 Mobile-9848037447 / 9391006418E-mail: hyd2_emcoin@sancharnet.in

Endoven Products Plot No. 33, Co-op. Industrial Estate Extn., Balanagar, Hyderabad-500 037. Phones : 22895844, 22895939,

Espi Industries & Chemicals Pvt. Ltd. A Block, Huda Complex, Tarnaka, Hyderabad-500 007. Phones : (Offi.) 2868856, 2868852, (Fact.) 2851138

Espi Industries & Chemicals Pvt. Ltd. 7-102/25, Sai Enclave Colony, Habshiguda, Hyderabad - 500 007Mobile : 9848013156 E-mail : hyd2espi@sancharnet.in,

Finch Healthcare Pvt. Ltd. 1-4-879/49, Flat No. 101, Sai Jyothi Place, Gandhinagar, Hyderabad-500080 Phone: 040-27661221, 09849011375E-mail: info@finchhealthcare.comWebsite: http://www.finchhealthcare.com/

Genesis (Divn. of Dr. Reddy’s Labs. Ltd. 7-1-27/1, 203, 2nd Floor, Block C, Srinivasa Complex, Ameerpet, Hyderabad-500 016. Phones : 040-22291946, 22290993, Fax: 040-22290500.

Harika Drugs Pvt. Ltd. 36 / A, Vegalrao Nagar, Hyderabad-500 038Phone: 040-23814863, 23700915 Fax: 23700731E-mail: hyd1_amarbabu@sancharnet.in

Impex India 8-2-333/14A, Road No. 3, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad-500 034. Phone: 040-23542719, Fax: 23548409, Mobile : 31008805E-mail : hyd2_impexin@sancharnet.in, impexindia@sancharnet.in

J. & J. DECHANE LABORATORIES (PVT.) LTD. 4-1-324, Troop Bazar, Residency Road, Hyderabad-500 001. Phones : 24753537, 24753538, 24753539, 24753629, Fax: 040-24753131, E-mail : dechane@eth.netWebsite : http://www.dechane.com/.

Kakatiya PharmaD. No. 7-3-138, Gaganpahad, Old Kurnool Road, Near Railway Gate, Hyderabad-501 323Phone: 040-24360442, 24045180 (R), Cell-09440424885

Lancer PharmaPlot No. 21, 5-36-178/B/C, Prashanth Nagar, IDA, Kukatpally, Hyderabad-500 072Phone: 040-23073023 E-mail: lancerpharma@yahoo.com

MAITHRI LABORATORIES PVT. LTD. Sy. No. 14, Gaddapotharam Village, Jinnaram Mandal, Medak Dist-502 319 (A.P.)Phone: 08458-277090, Fax: 08458-277085Website: http://www.msnlabs.com/

NATCO PHARMA LIMITEDKothur Post, Kothur Mandal, Mahaboobnagar District - 509 228, A.P.Phone : +91-8548-257289 /257173Fax : +91-8548-257290

Ojas Pharma Ltd. 58 / B, Adarshnagar, Hyderabad-500 463Phone: 040-23210086 Fax: 040-23233714

PEARL MERCHANDISE PVT.LTD. #12-106,Flat No.102, “A” Block, Chanakya’s Shelters, Alwal,Secunderabad-500010 (A.P.), Phone: 040-27962563, 65459102Fax: +91-40-27962139, E-mail : info@pearlmerc.comWebsite: http://www.pearlmerc.com/

Rakshit Drugs Pvt. Ltd. 315, Bhanu Enclave, Erragadda, Hyderabad-38Phone: 040-23818158 / 23810385E-mail: sales@rakshitdrugspvtltd.com

Safe Pharmaceuticals Pvt. Ltd. Gollapedu-522 408, Muppalla Mandalam, Dist. Guntur. A.P.Phone: 08647-222633, Fax: 08647-223633

Teena Labs Pvt. Ltd. # 105, 106, Sree Rama Towers, Kukatpally, Hyderabad-500 072Phone: 040-23068027

UNIQUE BIOTECH LIMITEDPlot No. 123, Phase-V, I.D.A., Jeedimetla, Hyderabad - 500 055Phone: 040-2319 3092, Fax: 040-2309 3089E-mail: info@uniquebiotech.com, Website: ww.uniquebiotech.com

Vanguard Therapeutics Pvt. Ltd. 17/3 RT, S.R. Nagar, III Floor, Opp. Lane to Andhra Bank, Hyderabad-500 038. Phones : 040-23715558, 23712692, Fax: 040-23715114.

Waksman Selman Pharmaceuticals 10/343-A, Adimurthy Nagar, Anantpur-515 001 (A.P.)Phone: (08554) 232903, 230097.

YELURI FORMULATIONS PVT LTD. 3rd floor, P.K.R. Complex, 1st Phase, Road No:1, KPHB Colony,Kukatpally, Hyderabad-500072Phone: 040-23150760, Fax : 040-23052419, 40063828E-mail: info@yeluri.net , yeluri@gmail.comWebsite: http://www.yeluri.net/

VIGNESH LIFE SCIENCES PVT LTD. #103, Sharada Residency, H-26, Madhuranagar, Yousufguda, Hyderabad-500038, A.P., TeleFax: 040-23707825, 23814272E-mail: info@vigneshpharma.com, vignesh_pharmaexpo@rediffmail.comWebsite: http://www.vigneshpharma.com/

Y. M. Drugs & Chemical (P) Ltd. Survey No. 506 & 507, D. Nagaram (V), Koyyalagudem (G.P.), Chowtuppal (M), Nalgonda (Dt.)Phone: 040-24048818, 24048819 (O) Fax: 040-24048819

ZENOTECH LABORATORIES LIMITEDPark View Estate, 4th Floor, Road No. 2, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad Phone: 040-2354 0994, Fax: 040 2355 5465E-mail: info@zenotechlabs.com, Website: http://www.zenotechlabs.com/

PNEUMONIA

What is pneumonia?

Pneumonia is an infection of one or both lungs which is usually caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. Prior to the discovery of antibiotics, one-third of all people who developed pneumonia subsequently died from the infection. Currently, over 3 million people develop pneumonia each year in the United States. Over a half a million of these people are admitted to a hospital for treatment. Although most of these people recover, approximately 5% will die from pneumonia. Pneumonia is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States

How do people "catch pneumonia

Some cases of pneumonia are contracted by breathing in small droplets that contain the organisms that can cause pneumonia. These droplets get into the air when a person infected with these germs coughs or sneezes. In other cases, pneumonia is caused when bacteria or viruses that are normally present in the mouth, throat, or nose inadvertently enter the lung. During sleep, it is quite common for people to aspirate secretions from the mouth, throat, or nose. Normally, the body's reflex response (coughing back up the secretions) and immune system will prevent the aspirated organisms from causing pneumonia. However, if a person is in a weakened condition from another illness, a severe pneumonia can develop. People with recent viral infections, lung disease, heart disease, and swallowing problems, as well as alcoholics, drug users, and those who have suffered a stroke or seizure are at higher risk for developing pneumonia than the general population.
Once organisms enter the lungs, they usually settle in the air sacs of the lung where they rapidly grow in number. This area of the lung then becomes filled with fluid and pus as the body attempts to fight off the infection

What are pneumonia symptoms and signs

Most people who develop pneumonia initially have symptoms of a cold which are then followed by a high fever (sometimes as high as 104 degrees Fahrenheit), shaking chills, and a cough with sputum production. The sputum is usually discolored and sometimes bloody. People with pneumonia may become short of breath. The only pain fibers in the lung are on the surface of the lung, in the area known as the pleura. Chest pain may develop if the outer pleural aspects of the lung are involved. This pain is usually sharp and worsens when taking a deep breath, known as pleuritic pain.
In other cases of pneumonia, there can be a slow onset of symptoms. A worsening cough, headaches, and muscle aches may be the only symptoms. In some people with pneumonia, coughing is not a major symptom because the infection is located in areas of the lung away from the larger airways. At times, the individual's skin color may change and become dusky or purplish (a condition known as "cyanosis") due to their blood being poorly oxygenated.
Children and babies who develop pneumonia often do not have any specific signs of a chest infection but develop a fever, appear quite ill, and can become lethargic. Elderly people may also have few symptoms with pneumonia

How is pneumonia diagnosed?

Pneumonia may be suspected when the doctor examines the patient and hears coarse breathing or crackling sounds when listening to a portion of the chest with a stethoscope. There may be wheezing, or the sounds of breathing may be faint in a particular area of the chest. A chest x-ray is usually ordered to confirm the diagnosis of pneumonia. The lungs have several segments referred to as lobes, usually two on the left and three on the right. When the pneumonia affects one of these lobes it is often referred to as lobar pneumonia. Some pneumonias have a more patchy distribution that does not involve specific lobes. In the past, when both lungs where involved in the infection, the term "double pneumonia" was used. This term is rarely used today

Sputum samples can be collected and examined under the microscope. If the pneumonia is caused by bacteria or fungi, the organisms can often be detected by this examination. A sample of the sputum can be grown in special incubators, and the offending organism can be subsequently identified. It is important to understand that the sputum specimen must contain little saliva from the mouth and be delivered to the laboratory fairly quickly. Otherwise, overgrowth of noninfecting bacteria may predominate.
A blood test that measures white blood cell count (WBC) may be performed. An individual's white blood cell count can often give a hint as to the severity of the pneumonia and whether it is caused by bacteria or a virus. An increased number of neutrophils, one type of WBC, is seen in bacterial infections, whereas an increase in lymphocytes, another type of WBC, is seen in viral infections.
Bronchoscopy is a procedure in which a thin, flexible, lighted viewing tube is inserted into the nose or mouth after a local anesthetic is administered. The breathing passages can then be directly examined by the doctor, and specimens from the infected part of the lung can be obtained.
Sometimes, fluid collects in the pleural space around the lung as a result of the inflammation from pneumonia. This fluid is called a pleural effusion. If the amount of this fluid that develops is large enough, it can be removed by inserting a needle into the chest cavity and withdrawing the fluid with a syringe in a procedure called a thoracentesis. In some cases, this fluid can become severely inflamed (parapneumonic effusion) or infected (empyema) and may need to be removed by more aggressive surgical procedures.

COLD CREAM

Cold cream is an emulsion of water and certain fats, usually including beeswax and various scent agents, designed to smooth skin and remove makeup. The name derives from the cooling feeling that the cream leaves on the skin. Variations of the product have been used for nearly two-thousand years

ColdCold cream is an emulsion of fats and water which can be used to clean and soften the skin. Traditionally, coldcoldcold cream has been used to remove makeup gently at the end of the day, and it can also be used to soften tough skin on the knees and elbows, or to keep skin protected from harsh winter weather. Many drug stores and beauty suppliers sell coldcoldcold cream, often in a variety of styles; different brands have different ingredients, and some people experiment with several before finding one which works

The concept of cold cream is quite ancient. Credit for the invention is usually given to Galen, a second century Greek physician who developed an emulsion of beeswax, oil, rose petals, and water. The cream was designed to moisturize and condition the face, and to help remove the harsh makeup of the period. In some regions, cold cream is called “cream of Galen” or “Galen's cream” in a reference to this; the “cold” in cold cream comes from the cool, refreshing feeling that it leaves behind.
There are several ways to use cold cream. To remove makeup, a thin layer is spread on the face, allowed to sit for a moment, and then wiped off. Tissues or washcloths can be used to remove the cold cream. The moisturizing agents in the cream will condition the face and help it recover from harsh beauty products.
Cold cream can also be left on trouble spots overnight; some women, for example, rub it into their skin before bed, wiping it off in the morning, and it can be worn with gloves or socks to condition the feet and hands as well. Cold cream is also used in some home remedies; a classic remedy for scaly elbows is a mixture of cold cream and ground oats, rubbed gently into the skin and then wiped or rinsed off

The oils in some cold creams can leave skin feeling greasy. People with oily skin may want to take a pass on this product unless they have been introduced to a brand which does not create an oily feeling. Cold cream can be scented or unscented, depending on preference, and the oils used can vary widely. Most companies do not use the olive oil recommended by Galen, for example, since it can go rancid quickly. Generally, cold cream keeps well at room temperature, and it should not go bad unless the climate is extremely hot or impurities are introduced to the container

preparation of cold creams

Galen's cold cream was based on beeswax and water, also containing olive oil and rose petals for softness and scent, respectively. Significant differences in formula were established centuries ago. Spermaceti from whales was utilized as far back as 1780, contributing to the severe hunting of these animals.[1] The 1857 account relates:
The modern formula for cold cream is, however, quite a different thing to that given in the works of Galen, in point of odour and quality, although substantially the same--grease and water. In perfumery there are several kinds of cold cream, distinguished by their odour, such as that of camphor, almond, violet, roses, &c

EPILEPSY

epilepsy (a disorder of the central nervous system characterized by loss of consciousness and convulsions)

Epilepsy (from the Ancient Greek ἐπιληψία epilēpsía) is a common chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures. These seizures are transient signs and/or symptoms of abnormal, excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain. About 50 million people worldwide have epilepsy, with almost 90% of these people being in developing countries. Epilepsy is more likely to occur in young children, or people over the age of 65 years, however it can occur at any time. Epilepsy is usually controlled, but not cured, with medication, although surgery may be considered in difficult cases. However, over 30% of people with epilepsy do not have seizure control even with the best available medications. Not all epilepsy syndromes are lifelong – some forms are confined to particular stages of childhood. Epilepsy should not be understood as a single disorder, but rather as syndromic with vastly divergent symptoms but all involving episodic abnormal electrical activity in the brain

Epilepsy Overview

Epilepsy is a condition in which a person has recurrent seizures. A seizure is defined as an abnormal, disorderly discharging of the brain's nerve cells, resulting in a temporary disturbance of motor, sensory, or mental function.
There are many types of seizures, depending primarily on what part of the brain is involved. The term epilepsy says nothing about the type of seizure or cause of the seizure, only that the seizures happen again and again. A stricter definition of the term requires that the seizures have no known underlying cause. This may also be called primary or idiopathic epilepsyEpisodes of abnormal electrical activity within the brain result in seizures. The specific area of the brain affected by the abnormal electrical activity may result in a particular type of seizure.
If all areas of the brain are affected by the abnormal electrical activity, a generalized seizure may result. This means that consciousness is lost or impaired. Often all the person's arms and legs stiffen and then jerk rhythmically.
One seizure type may evolve into another during the course of the seizure. For example, a seizure may start as a partial, or focal, seizure, involving the face or arm. Then the muscular activity spreads to other areas of the body. In this way, the seizure becomes generalized.
Seizures caused by high fevers in children are not considered epilepsy. Also see children's seizures

TYPES OF Epilepsy

When a disorder is defined by a characteristic group of features that usually occur together, it is called a syndrome. These features may include symptoms, which are problems that the patient will notice. They also may include signs, which are things that the doctor will find during the examination or with laboratory tests. Doctors and other health care professionals often use syndromes to describe a patient's epilepsy

The type or types of seizures
The age at which the seizures begin
The causes of the seizures
Whether the seizures are inherited
The part of the brain involved
Factors that provoke seizures
How severe and how frequent the seizures are
A pattern of seizures by time of day
Certain patterns on the EEG, during seizures and between seizures
Other disorders in addition to seizures
The prospects for recovery or worsening

Not every syndrome will be defined by all these features, but most syndromes will be defined by a number of them. Classifying a patient's epilepsy as belonging to a certain syndrome often provides information on what medications or other treatments will be most helpful. It also may help the doctor to predict whether the seizures will go into remission (lessen or disappear).
Partial seizure

Partial seizures (also called focal seizures and localized seizures) are seizures which affect only a part of the brain at onset, and are split into two main categories; simple partial seizures and complex partial seizures
A simple partial seizure will often be a precursor to a larger seizure such as a complex partial seizure, or a tonic-clonic seizure. When this is the case, the simple partial seizure is usually called an aura.
Partial seizures are common in temporal lobe epilepsy

Generalized Seizures

A generalized seizure is a sudden change in consciousness, muscle control or behavior caused by abnormal activity on both sides of the brain. A generalized seizure is different from a partial (focal) seizure, which usually affects a small, localized area of the brain.
Seizures occur when the neurons in the brain suddenly increase activity, causing an electrical storm that can overwhelm the brain. This can result in various symptoms depending on the area of the brain affected. People who have a generalized seizure usually experience symptoms that affect their entire body, such as whole-body muscle contractions or a loss of consciousness.

The most identifiable and traumatic type of generalized seizure is the tonic-clonic seizure, also known as grand mal seizures or convulsions. Many tonic-clonic seizures are isolated events and, although distressing to witness, rarely cause neurological damage.
Generalized seizures may be caused by chronic underlying medical conditions that may require treatment (e.g., epilepsy). Many generalized seizures have no known cause, making them difficult to prevent. In cases where the underlying cause is unknown, seizures can sometimes be controlled with medication.
Generalized seizures can rarely be treated with brain surgery because the abnormal neuron activity occurs in the entire brain. However, people with recurrent generalized seizures that are poorly controlled by medication may be suitable for a type of treatment called vagus nerve stimulation.
There are certain things bystanders can do (and not do) to prevent additional harm to a person having a generalized seizure. For example, nothing should be placed in a person’s mouth during a seizure, and restraint should not be used. It is recommended that bystanders clear the area of furniture and objects that may cause injury to the person having a seizure. Also, the person having the seizure should be gently rolled onto his or her side to prevent choking on vomit or mucus

Mechanisms of Action of Antiepileptic Drugs
Center for Treatment of Epilepsy and Migraine, Kielecka 25, 31-523 Kraków, 2Department of Neurology,
Neuropsychiatric Care Unit, Grunwaldzka 47, 25-736 Kielce, 3Department of Pathophysiology, Skubiszewski Medical
University, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-090 Lublin, 4Isotope Laboratory, Institute of Agricultural Medicine, Jaczewskiego 2,
20-950 Lublin, Poland

Abstract: g-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), one of the main inhibitory neurotransmitters in the brain, interacts with three types of receptors for GABA - GABAA, GABAB and GABAC. GABAA receptors, associated with binding sites for benzodiazepines and barbiturates in the form of a receptor complex, control opening of the chloride channel. When GABA binds to the receptor complex, the channel is opened and chloride anions enter the neuron, which is finally hyperpolarized. GABAB receptors are metabotropic, linked to a cascade of second messengers whilst the physiological meaning of ionotropic GABAC receptors, mainly located in the retina, is generally unknown. Novel antiepileptic drugs acting selectively through the GABA-ergic system are tiagabine and vigabatrin. The former inhibits neuronal and glial uptake of GABA whilst the latter increases the synaptic concentration of GABA by inhibition of GABA-aminotransferase. Gabapentin, designed as a precursor of GABA easily entering the brain, was shown to increase brain synaptic GABA. This antiepileptic drug also decreases influx of calcium ions into neurons
via a specific subunit of voltage-dependent calcium channels. Conventional antiepileptics generally inhibit sodium currents (carbamazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, valproate) or enhance GABA-ergic inhibition (benzodiazepines, phenobarbital, valproate). Ethosuximide, mainly controlling absences, reduces calcium currents via T-type calcium channels. Novel antiepileptic drugs, mainly associated with an inhibition of voltage-dependent
sodium channels are lamotrigine and oxcarbazepine. Since glutamate-mediated excitation is involved in the generation of seizure activity, some antiepileptics are targeting glutamatergic receptors – for instance, felbamate, phenobarbital, and topiramate. Besides, they also inhibit sodium currents. Zonisamide, apparently sharing this common mechanism, also reduces the concentration of free radicals. Novel antiepileptic drugs are better tolerated by epileptic patients and practically are devoid of important pharmacokinetic drug interactions.

Key Words: Antiepileptic drugs, GABA, glutamate, ion channels, epilepsy.

RECEPTORS FOR GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID

GABA may mediate its synaptic events through two types of receptors - ionotropic and metabotropic. Among ionotropic receptors associated with a chloride channel so
called GABAA and GABAC receptors are distinguished - metabotropic ones linked to the cascade of second intraneuronal messengers are GABAB receptors [4,5].
GABAA receptor complex consists of a number of binding sites for GABA itself, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, ethanol and picrotoxin which is a chloride channel blocker. When GABA binds to its recognition site on the GABAA receptor complex, an opening of the chloride channel occurs with the subsequent influx of chloride anions into a neuron, resulting in its hyperpolarization. Benzodiazepine derivatives (f.e.: diazepam, clonazepam) increase the frequency of the channel
openings whilst barbiturates (f.e.: phenobarbital) prolong the opening time of the channel. Both, benzodiazepines and barbiturates also enhance the affinity of GABAA receptors for
the neurotransmitter [4,5]. In contrast, binding GABA to the GABAB receptors results in the activation of phospholipase A-2 and the following synthesis of arachidonic acid fromphospholipids. Arachidonic acid via regulatory Gi proteins is likely to modulate the activity of adenyl cyclase and cyclic AMP levels. Through the GABAB receptors GABA affects
the release of other important for the neuronal activity neurotransmitters. GABAC receptors are mainly encountered in the retina and their physiological significance is a matter of dispute.

Occurrence of GABA in the central nervous system was demonstrated in 1950 and in the same decade GABA was shown to inhibit seizure activity after its direct cerebralapplication in dogs [7]. Certainly, this gave rise to the assumption that GABA-ergic inhibition may be an important factor in the suppression of seizure activity in epilepticpatients. GABA itself was not a good candidate for an antiepileptic drug since it very poorly entered the brain through the blood- brain barrier. Much attention was paid to a synthesis of GABA-ergic agonists, which would easily penetrate into the central nervous system. Such substances were soon available, for instance agents increasing brain GABA concentration due to the inhibition of GABA
metabolism: aminooxyacetic acid, g -acetylenic-GABA, g - vinyl-GABA or direct agonists, for example - muscimol. Actually, these substances were found to exert anticonvulsant
effects in a variety of experimental models of epilepsy. The initial enthusiasm was, however, not fully justified it soon would come out that muscimol displayed a proconvulsant activity in primates and humans [7]. This was understood in terms of an undesired effects of the diffuse
stimulation of GABAA receptors within the brain. Consequently, the subsequent search for GABA-ergic agents as potential antiepileptic drugs would focus on substances
indirectly enhancing GABA functions - via inhibition of its metabolism or reduction of its neuronal uptake. This strategy led to the discovery of potent anticonvulsant substances -
some of them are nowadays potent antiepileptic drugs

ANTIEPILEPTIC DRUGS AND GABA-MEDIATED
INHIBITION

Valproic acid in the form of sodium salt was introducedto the therapy of epilepsy in the early 60s. One of the most likely mechanisms responsible for its anticonvulsant activitymay be inhibition of its metabolic degradation resulting in the elevation of GABA level in the synaptic cleft [11]. However, there are also data indicating no correlation between the protective action of valproate and GABA increase - in fact, valproate clearly reduced seizure activity produced by the inhibitor of GABA synthesis, izoniazid, but did not restore the reduced GABA level [12]. As already mentioned, benzodiazepines (fe.: diazepam, clonazepam) and barbiturates (fe.: phenobarbital) potentiate GABA-mediated inhibition via the increase in the affinity of this inhibitory neurotransmitter to its recognition sites within the GABAA receptor complex and via the direct influence upon the channel which leads to the enhanced influx ofchloride anions into the neuron and subsequent hyperpolarization. Among novel antiepileptic drugs, tiagabine and
vigabatrin seem to express their anticonvulsant activity mainly through the GABA-ergic system. Other novel antiepileptics associated with GABA-mediated inhibition, which also share additional mechanisms of action, are: felbamate, gabapentin, and topiramate. Tiagabine and vigabatrin, and to a certain degree - gabapentin, may be considered as drugs whose development was associated with so called GABA hypothesis of epilepsy [13]. Vigabatrin is an irreversible inhibitor of GABA transaminase and its administration in animals or humans results in the 3-fold increase in synaptic GABA level [14-16]. Tiagabine inhibits neuronal and glial GABA uptake, leading thus to the enhancement and prolongation of GABA synaptic events [16,17]. The anticonvulsant activity of inhibitors of GABA uptake in various models of experimental epilepsy was shown much earlier but these substances did not cross the blood-brain barrier. This certainly disqualified their possible use as antiepileptic drugs [18]. Probably, as already mentioned, tiagabine and vigabatrin possess mechanisms of action closely related to GABA-mediated events in the synaptic cleft, in contrast to conventional and some novel antiepileptics which may block voltage-dependent sodium and calcium channels and impair glutamate-induced excitation. For instance, sodium channels are blocked by a variety of antiepileptic drugs, including benzodiazepines (at high concentrations), carbamazepine, felbamate, lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, topiramate, and valproate. Ethosuximide or zonisamide mainly affect T-type calcium channels, and felbamate, phenobarbital, and topiramate inhibit glutamate excitation [19]. Interestingly, gabapentin, a cyclic analogue of GABA, was designed as a GABA agonist easily passing the blood-brain barrier. However, no receptor activity of gabapentin was detected on the GABAA receptor complex, only increased GABA turnover being found in some rat brain regions [20,21]. Also, gabapentin was documented to increase GABA level in brains of epileptic patients [15]. It is evident now, that this antiepileptic drug binds to the specific unit of voltagedependent calcium channel and inhibits intraneuronal calcium ion flux from the extraneuronal space [22]. Two novel antiepileptic drugs, topiramate and felbamate, although possessing multiple mechanisms of action (see below), affect GABA-mediated inhibition as well. Specifically, the former seems to potentiate effects of endogenous GABA through a novel binding site on the GABAA receptor complex [21,23]. The latter enhanced GABA-dependent chloride currents in rat hippocampal neurons [24]. However, such effect in vitro was no longer evident in the absence of GABA and, moreover, felbamate was not shown to interact directly with the GABAA receptor complex [25]. Among conventional and novel.